Global HEALTH Reader
프로그램베이 India is the largest consumer of groundwater in the world. About 90% of the country's groundwater usage is mainly for satisfying agricultural needs, followed by domestic and industrial requirements. The uncontrolled groundwater exploitation has led to a decline in groundwater levels and the drying of shallow aquifers. The rocky aquifers occupy 65% of the land area of India.The lack of proper water usage regulations, free electricity for irrigation and solar-based bore wells have aggravated groundwater depletion and groundwater quality in many parts of the country.Groundwater is the primary source of agriculture-based income in the rural areas of Telangana state, especially in the scanty rainfall regions. Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) can augment rainfall recharge, and it is successful at many locations across India. The present study is one case study where CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute (CSIR-NGRI) successfully implemented MAR through community participation, leading to a paradigm shift in agriculture-based income in three villages situated in Choutuppal Mandal, Telangana.CSIR-NGRI carried out extensive geo-hydrological investigations towards Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) and identified a suitable area with a considerable thickness of the weathered layer connected with lineaments for constructing a percolation tank. Based on the technical inputs provided by CSIR-NGRI, the village communities started building the percolation tank with financial support from Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Scheme (MGNRES). They completed the same before the onset of the monsoon in 2015. The constructed area of the percolation tank is 5.22 acres with a maximum water depth of 3.3 m.The percolation tank received a good amount of runoff during the monsoon period in the year 2015 that has helped to recharge the aquifer. It is observed that defunct borewells have become productive, and low productive borewells have become productive by the end of 2016. The deeper groundwater levels have become shallow and came close to the ground surface. The observed groundwater levels revealed that deeper groundwater level, which is at >30 m bgl has come to <20 m bgl and the general average groundwater water level has come close to the ground surface (7.7 m bgl) from <22 m bgl. Center for Economic and Social Studies (CESS), Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, Hyderabad has made a Socio-economic Impact analysis of this S&T intervention.The construction of a percolation tank aimed at managed aquifer recharge has improved groundwater conditions and socio-economic status of local communities. This intervention has created an opportunity for farmers to switch to paddy cultivation with two crops per year from low-yielding cotton cultivation. Other than paddy, gram, maize and vegetables are also being cultivated. The cultivation area has increased, which has resulted in a three-fold increase in agriculture-based incomes.The improved groundwater conditions have helped the rural community to better manage animal husbandry and poultry. Due to increased water availability, the flourishing rural activities have triggered reverse migration with people returning to their villages.The CSIR-NGRI intervention is scalable and can be implemented in the hard rock areas where groundwater management is challenging. The state and central groundwater departments and research institutes can involve the village communities in the planning and implementation of MAR. Dr M. J. NandanSenior Principal ScientistCSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute
구글링 The Botanic Garden of CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (popularly known as NBRI Botanic Garden) is a historical garden established in 1789 AD. It was a royal garden gifted by Saadat Ali Khan, the then Nawab of Oudh, to his queen, and named it as Sikandar Bagh after her name. In subsequent years, the garden was renamed "Government Horticultural Garden" and "National Botanic Garden". It is in the heart of Lucknow city, the capital of Uttar Pradesh. Spread over an area of 65 acres, the garden houses more than 6000 important plant species/varieties collected from different parts of India and abroad.Fulfilling all the functions of a botanic garden, the NBRI Botanic Garden is well-known for its immense contributions towards research, education, recreation, and conservation of important plant resources. The plants with economic, taxonomic, ornamental, horticultural, biological, ecological, educational or recreational values have been conserved in the garden for their sustainable utilization. More than one thousand morning walkers visit the garden every day. The serene ambience under the large Banyan tree is ideal for meditation and relaxation.The NBRI Botanic Garden is a part of the Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) network and shares/exchanges plant resources worldwide. It is a living repository of various native and exotic plants displayed in its plant houses and arboreta. The garden has an excellent collection of ornamental crops, trees, houseplants, medicinal plants, cycads, palms, ferns, bryophytes, bonsai, water lilies, cacti and succulents. There are several thematic gardens and plant houses where plants are displayed for educational and aesthetic purposes. The 'Touch and Smell Garden' is a unique place for visually challenged visitors, where audio and Braille system support have been provided. The "Know Your Plants" section displays plants of daily use to raise children's awareness of the plants. The NBRI Botanic Garden has excellent infrastructural facilities for propagation, including modern nurseries, experimental plots, propagation units, mist chambers, and drip irrigation facilities.Considering the rich plant diversity of the NBRI Botanic Garden, the Institute has been designated as a Living National Repository by the National Biodiversity Authority, Chennai. Besides, this Botanic Garden is one of the Lead Botanic Gardens under ABG Scheme of Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Government of India. The institute has been designated as DUS Centre for Bougainvillea, Gladiolus, and Canna by the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Authority (PPV&FRA), Ministry of Agriculture &Farmers Welfare, Government of India.The Botanic Garden has an excellent germplasm collection of ornamental crops with 202 cultivars of Bougainvilleas, 115 cultivars of Gladiolus, 200 cultivars of Chrysanthemums, 45 cultivars of Canna, and 125 cultivars of Roses. Fifteen species/cvs./races of Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus) and Nymphaea spp. (water lilies) are conserved in the garden. Besides the ornamental crops, the garden also has germplasm collections in different plant houses: an arch-shaped Conservatory for Tropical and Subtropical Plants (300 species/cultivars)a Cactus and Succulent House (350 species/varieties)a Palm House with 52 speciesa Cycad House (70 species), an Orchidarium (120 species), a Gerbera House, a Fern House (100 species of ferns and fern allies) and a Moss House (20 species). The Botanic Garden also has an arboretum which has around 400 species of trees and shrubs.The R&D activities of the NBRI Botanic Garden focuses mainly on germplasm collection, conservation of threatened species, development of new floricultural varieties and cultivars of ornamental crops, and mutation breeding through chemical and gamma-irradiation. The Botanic Garden organizes two annual flower shows for creating awareness of floriculture among the masses.The Botanic Gardens organizes a regular training programme in ornamental horticulture for students, gardeners and the public. Saplings and seedlings of various ornamental and medicinal plants can be purchased from the Sales Section in the garden. JS Khuraijam, SK Tewari and SK BarikCSIR-National Botanical Research Institute
웹서핑 Airborne Geophysics is an important branch of Geosciences in which geophysical sensors are installed on a flying machine and flown over large areas to explore the earth’s subsurface, tectonics and natural resources in a fast and cost-effective manner. Considering the significance of this technique in fast exploration of minerals, hydrocarbons, and other natural resources, CSIR-NGRI initiated Airborne Geophysics project in 1966, within five years of creation of the Institute. In the very first year, CSIR-NGRI carried out first experimental Aeromagnetic survey over the Kudremukha - Kotebare Iron ore belt of Karnataka using Dakota DC-3 aircraft and proton precession magnetometer, followed by another Aeromagnetic survey over Chitradurga Copper belt. The efforts in the first decade were also made for development of Multi-sensor Airborne system comprising of Magnetic, Electromagnetic (EM) and Radiometric sensors. An important contribution came in the form of development of an indigenous Pulse Transient EM system (PTEM) by CSIR-NGRI. In the past over five decades, CSIR-NGRI has made significant contributions in the field of Airborne Geophysics by keeping abreast with the technological advancements as well as by their effective implementation for socio-economic benefit of the country. CSIR-NGRI has successfully conducted about 4 lakh line-km (LKM) of airborne geophysical survey in different parts of the county.Airborne magnetic surveys for Geological mapping in India (>70,000 LKM) and Antarctica (3,500 LKM), and for Hydrocarbon exploration (~31,800 LKM)Airborne magnetic and radiometric surveys for mineral exploration (>60,000 LKM) and diamond exploration (~38,600 LKM)Airborne magnetic and EM surveys for base metals (~12,000 LKM)Airborne gravity &magnetic and gravity gradiometry survey for Koyna intraplate seismic zone (5,012 LKM)Heliborne VTEM, magnetic and radiometric surveys for uranium exploration (~1,52,000 LKM)Heliborne VTEM and magnetic survey for mapping of deformation in the Himalayan Frontal belt (~900 LKM)Heliborne SkyTEM and magnetic surveys for groundwater and paleochannel mapping (~23,000 LKM)Heliborne SkyTEM and magnetic survey for rail tunnel project (~1,700 LKM) ApplicationsThe airborne geophysical survey has been used for regional mapping, diamond and base metal and uranium explorations. It has also been used for the following:Groundwater exploration and paleochannel mapping: Application of Heliborne Transient EM (H-TEM) technique for groundwater exploration in the country was initiated for the first time in 2012 by CSIR-NGRI. A pilot project during 2012-15 covered six hydro-geologically diverse terrains in India to test the efficacy of this advanced geophysical technique. It helped in delineation of fracture network in granitic terrain, sub-basalt aquifers, paleo-channels in alluvial Ganga plains, and sea-water intrusion in coastal regions. Success led to more concerted efforts in the past six years for regional aquifer mapping. This yielded identification of a 45 km long buried paleochannel between the Ganga and the Yamuna rivers near Prayagraj (Stakeholder: CGWB). The H-TEM technique has been successfully applied subsequently for augmentation of ensured drinking water supply through identification of suitable French well location sites. This technological intervention has been recognized by FICCI Award for science innovation for water security. (Stakeholder: Surat Municipal Corporation) The success of the H-TEM technique has led to a collaborative project between CSIR-NGRI and Ministry of Jal Shakti (MoJS) through CGWB for groundwater exploration in NW India. (Stakeholder: MoJS &CGWB) Infrastructure projects in mountainous regions: Recently, CSIR-NGRI has embarked upon a new application of the H-TEM in the country for identification of weak zones along tunnel alignments in mountainous regions. Under this, a project has been executed for the Rishikesh – Karnaprayag tunnel alignment to facilitate safe tunneling. (Stakeholder: Rail Vikas Nigam Ltd. (RVNL)) There are some other tunnel projects under execution stage. (Stakeholders: Konkan Railway Corporation LimitedAltinok India Pvt. Ltd.) Team Airborne GeophysicsCSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute
