Global HEALTH Reader
프로그램베이 India is the largest consumer of groundwater in the world. About 90% of the country's groundwater usage is mainly for satisfying agricultural needs, followed by domestic and industrial requirements. The uncontrolled groundwater exploitation has led to a decline in groundwater levels and the drying of shallow aquifers. The rocky aquifers occupy 65% of the land area of India.The lack of proper water usage regulations, free electricity for irrigation and solar-based bore wells have aggravated groundwater depletion and groundwater quality in many parts of the country.Groundwater is the primary source of agriculture-based income in the rural areas of Telangana state, especially in the scanty rainfall regions. Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) can augment rainfall recharge, and it is successful at many locations across India. The present study is one case study where CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute (CSIR-NGRI) successfully implemented MAR through community participation, leading to a paradigm shift in agriculture-based income in three villages situated in Choutuppal Mandal, Telangana.CSIR-NGRI carried out extensive geo-hydrological investigations towards Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) and identified a suitable area with a considerable thickness of the weathered layer connected with lineaments for constructing a percolation tank. Based on the technical inputs provided by CSIR-NGRI, the village communities started building the percolation tank with financial support from Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Scheme (MGNRES). They completed the same before the onset of the monsoon in 2015. The constructed area of the percolation tank is 5.22 acres with a maximum water depth of 3.3 m.The percolation tank received a good amount of runoff during the monsoon period in the year 2015 that has helped to recharge the aquifer. It is observed that defunct borewells have become productive, and low productive borewells have become productive by the end of 2016. The deeper groundwater levels have become shallow and came close to the ground surface. The observed groundwater levels revealed that deeper groundwater level, which is at >30 m bgl has come to <20 m bgl and the general average groundwater water level has come close to the ground surface (7.7 m bgl) from <22 m bgl. Center for Economic and Social Studies (CESS), Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, Hyderabad has made a Socio-economic Impact analysis of this S&T intervention.The construction of a percolation tank aimed at managed aquifer recharge has improved groundwater conditions and socio-economic status of local communities. This intervention has created an opportunity for farmers to switch to paddy cultivation with two crops per year from low-yielding cotton cultivation. Other than paddy, gram, maize and vegetables are also being cultivated. The cultivation area has increased, which has resulted in a three-fold increase in agriculture-based incomes.The improved groundwater conditions have helped the rural community to better manage animal husbandry and poultry. Due to increased water availability, the flourishing rural activities have triggered reverse migration with people returning to their villages.The CSIR-NGRI intervention is scalable and can be implemented in the hard rock areas where groundwater management is challenging. The state and central groundwater departments and research institutes can involve the village communities in the planning and implementation of MAR. Dr M. J. NandanSenior Principal ScientistCSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute
구글링 The Botanic Garden of CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (popularly known as NBRI Botanic Garden) is a historical garden established in 1789 AD. It was a royal garden gifted by Saadat Ali Khan, the then Nawab of Oudh, to his queen, and named it as Sikandar Bagh after her name. In subsequent years, the garden was renamed "Government Horticultural Garden" and "National Botanic Garden". It is in the heart of Lucknow city, the capital of Uttar Pradesh. Spread over an area of 65 acres, the garden houses more than 6000 important plant species/varieties collected from different parts of India and abroad.Fulfilling all the functions of a botanic garden, the NBRI Botanic Garden is well-known for its immense contributions towards research, education, recreation, and conservation of important plant resources. The plants with economic, taxonomic, ornamental, horticultural, biological, ecological, educational or recreational values have been conserved in the garden for their sustainable utilization. More than one thousand morning walkers visit the garden every day. The serene ambience under the large Banyan tree is ideal for meditation and relaxation.The NBRI Botanic Garden is a part of the Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) network and shares/exchanges plant resources worldwide. It is a living repository of various native and exotic plants displayed in its plant houses and arboreta. The garden has an excellent collection of ornamental crops, trees, houseplants, medicinal plants, cycads, palms, ferns, bryophytes, bonsai, water lilies, cacti and succulents. There are several thematic gardens and plant houses where plants are displayed for educational and aesthetic purposes. The 'Touch and Smell Garden' is a unique place for visually challenged visitors, where audio and Braille system support have been provided. The "Know Your Plants" section displays plants of daily use to raise children's awareness of the plants. The NBRI Botanic Garden has excellent infrastructural facilities for propagation, including modern nurseries, experimental plots, propagation units, mist chambers, and drip irrigation facilities.Considering the rich plant diversity of the NBRI Botanic Garden, the Institute has been designated as a Living National Repository by the National Biodiversity Authority, Chennai. Besides, this Botanic Garden is one of the Lead Botanic Gardens under ABG Scheme of Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Government of India. The institute has been designated as DUS Centre for Bougainvillea, Gladiolus, and Canna by the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Authority (PPV&FRA), Ministry of Agriculture &Farmers Welfare, Government of India.The Botanic Garden has an excellent germplasm collection of ornamental crops with 202 cultivars of Bougainvilleas, 115 cultivars of Gladiolus, 200 cultivars of Chrysanthemums, 45 cultivars of Canna, and 125 cultivars of Roses. Fifteen species/cvs./races of Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus) and Nymphaea spp. (water lilies) are conserved in the garden. Besides the ornamental crops, the garden also has germplasm collections in different plant houses: an arch-shaped Conservatory for Tropical and Subtropical Plants (300 species/cultivars)a Cactus and Succulent House (350 species/varieties)a Palm House with 52 speciesa Cycad House (70 species), an Orchidarium (120 species), a Gerbera House, a Fern House (100 species of ferns and fern allies) and a Moss House (20 species). The Botanic Garden also has an arboretum which has around 400 species of trees and shrubs.The R&D activities of the NBRI Botanic Garden focuses mainly on germplasm collection, conservation of threatened species, development of new floricultural varieties and cultivars of ornamental crops, and mutation breeding through chemical and gamma-irradiation. The Botanic Garden organizes two annual flower shows for creating awareness of floriculture among the masses.The Botanic Gardens organizes a regular training programme in ornamental horticulture for students, gardeners and the public. Saplings and seedlings of various ornamental and medicinal plants can be purchased from the Sales Section in the garden. JS Khuraijam, SK Tewari and SK BarikCSIR-National Botanical Research Institute
